Loyola University Chicago

LATN 271-001: Introduction to Reading Latin

Fall Semester 2020
Dr. Jacqueline Long

 Capitoline Wolf, Capitoline Museum, Rome, photo J. Long 1 August 2006

Substantive1 Grid

ōrātor imitētur illum cui summa vīs dīcendī concēditur, Dēmosthenem, in quō tantum studium fuisse dīcitur ut impedīmenta nāturae dīligentiā industriāque superāret.
Cicero, de Oratore 1.61.260, adapted

Noun or Pronoun (if expressed) Adjective (if any; including participles) Sense in Context Gender Case Number Role in Sentence2
ōrātor --- orator masc. nom. s. subjectof imitētur (main clause)
--- illum that [man] masc. acc. sing. direct object of imitētur (main clause)
--- cui (to) whom [= that man] masc. dat. sing. indirect object of concēditur (relative clause)
vīs summa highest power fem. nom. sing. subject of concēditur (relative clause)
dīcendī --- (of) speaking neut. gen. sing. gerund; possessive gen. with vīs
Dēmosthenem --- Demosthenes [man's name] masc. acc. sing. accusative in apposition with d.o. illum (main clause)
--- quō (in) whom [= Demosthenes] masc. abl. sing. abl. of place where (second relative clause)
studium tantum such great zeal neut. nom. s. subject of dīcitur (relative clause)
impedīmenta --- hindrances neut. acc. pl. direct object of superāret (result clause)
nāturae --- nature fem. gen. sing. possessive gen. with impedīmenta
dīligentiā --- diligence fem. abl. sing. abl. of means with superāret (result clause)
industriā --- industry fem. abl. sing. abl. of means with superāret (result clause)

1"Substantive": anything a noun can name - a person, an animal, a thing, a concept, etc., when it is being talked about by the sentence - so that, for example, in the sentence legens scit, "The reader knows," the participle (verbal adjective) legens is a substantive, because it refers to a person (unexpressed but implied noun) who at the time of the sentence happens to be performing the action (so, literally, "[the person-who-is] reading"), but in the sentence liber lectus est, "The book has been read," the participle lectus is not a substantive, because it's part of the compound perfect-passive verb.

2"Role in sentence": brief statement of the substantive's grammatical function in the sentence, the reason why it takes the form that it takes, in order to tell you what the sentence is using it to tell you.

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Revised 18 August 2020 by jlong1@luc.edu
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