ANTH 319 / INTS 319 - The Anthropology of tourism in the mediterranean world
Fall 2008 / Spring 2009
Instructor: Prof.ssa Kathleen M. Adams
Meeting Days: Monday and Wednesday
Meeting Times: 12:20 - 1:35 pm
Course Description:
The Trevi Fountain, the canals of Venice, the Vatican, the leaning tower of Pisa and the towns of Tuscany are all destinations that conjure up powerful images for western travelers. How do such varied places come to have such allure for us? How can the study of tourism and tourist practices enhance our understanding of the socio-cultural dynamics that processes that transpire in and beyond these spaces? How are tourist practices related to class, political, national, cultural, gender, and individual identities? What are the economic, environmental, social, and cultural consequences of tourism for host communities? How are tourism and commoditization entwined? What are the ramifications of tourism for cultural displays and indigenous arts? Are there global inequalities underlying tourism? Are eco-tourism and green tourism viable forms of sustainable development? These are just some of the questions addressed in this seminar.
Tourism has been one of the fastest growing industries in the world. It is an important dimension of globalization, and has had a profound impact on host communities and their physical environments. Tourism is also intrinsic to our lifestyles—most of us have been tourists or fantasize about visiting new places. Over the past decade, tourism has become an increasingly vibrant arena for anthropological and sociological studies. The course examines some of the key research in the field, drawing from case studies in Italy and the Mediterranean world in order to explore theories concerning the varied dimensions and ramifications of tourism.
Learning Objectives:
You should come away from this seminar with the following:
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The ability to discuss the key authors and theories in the anthropology of tourism
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The ability to discuss tourism as a part of globalization
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The ability to apply tourism theories to actual case studies in Italy and Southern Europe
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An understanding of the role of tourism in national development and nation-building
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A critical appreciation of the role of tourism in the creation of cultural imagery and cultural stereotypes
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A critical awareness of the subtle messages embedded in touristic materials (tourist arts, performances etc)
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An understanding of the types of ecological transformations resulting from tourism development (and their ramifications for local communities)
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The ability to describe the limits of sustainable development, agritourism and “green tourism”
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Enhanced written and verbal communication skills
Course Structure & Requirements:
This class will run in seminar format. Generally, I will open the class with a group activity or presentation pertaining to the topic at hand, introducing new material relevant to the theme. Then we will shift to a group discussion of the readings.
You will be graded on the basis of class participation, a 5 page essay and group presentation assignment, 5 quizzes (lowest score dropped), a mid-term and a 10 page research paper. Late assignments will be docked one-half grade per day late, except in documented cases of illness or family emergency. Please don’t be shy about coming to see me. I encourage each of you to visit me in my office early in the semester so that I may become better acquainted with you and your interests. I anticipate that this will also serve as an opportunity to brainstorm about potential term paper projects. I look forward to getting to know each of you better.
As this course is heavily oriented towards discussion, there will be four unannounced quizzes (to ensure that readings are completed on time and students are prepared for discussion). Quizzes will cover specific points in the assigned readings for that week. The lowest quiz grade will be dropped. Attendance is essential and absences will compromise your grade.
Detailed assignment guidelines will be distributed in class and posted on our class web page. All papers will also be presented orally in class and missing the presentation will entail a grade reduction.
Texts
-Gmelch, S. (2004) Tourists and Tourism: A Reader Long Grove: Waveland.
-Robert C. David and Garry R. Marvin (2004) Venice, The Tourist Maze Berkeley: Univ. of California Press,
-Boissevain, Jeremy (ed) (1996) Coping with Tourists: European Reactions to Mass Tourism Oxford: Bergham Books.
-Electronic readings on Blackboard
Additional Resource
The following web site offers an enormous bibliography on tourism which should be useful when you start working on your term projects:
http://coombs.anu.edu.au/Biblio/biblio_tourism1.html
Grading
Student grades will be based on the following formula:
Midterm Exam:.................................................………………………..20%
Term Paper:......................................................……………………….20%
5 quizzes (5% each), lowest grade dropped:.......……………………..20%
Written analysis of Rome tourist site............…………………………..25%
(above includes in-class presentation = 5% )
Class participation:..........................................…………………………15%
Academic Integrity: Plagiarism (using work that is not your own without citations of the source) and cheating of any kind will have severe ramifications, as outlined in the Undergraduate Studies Catalog (p. 12-13). Plagiarism will result in failure of the class. If you cheat on a test or plagiarize someone else’s work, you will also be reported to the dean and this information will be permanently entered into your academic records, as per Loyola University policy.
Students with disabilities who need disability-related testing accommodations are encouraged to notify me. The University Academic Support Office is also available to assist students.
Blackboard
I will be using Loyola’s course management system known as “Blackboard.” This system should allow you to easily check grades, review handouts and assignments, chat with other class members and communicate question to me. This resource promises to be a rich supplement to our class time. Please log onto blackboard by the end of the first week of classes (http://blackboard.luc.edu ) and familiarize yourself with the layout of the site. Consult the Blackboard website for more details.
Important Dates: t.b.a.
Class Policy on Cell Phone, Ipods and Other electronic devices:
All cell phones, iPods and other electronic devices MUST be turned off during class. Those who disregard this rule will risk having points deducted from their final grade. I realize it is a nuisance to have to remember to turn off your cell phone or ipod, but these devices can be distracting to others in the class, and to me. Thank you in advance for adhering to this rule.
SEMINAR THEMES AND READING ASSIGNMENTS:
NOTE: As this is a 300 level seminar, at times readings for the class will be heavy (65-100 pages per week). Budget your time accordingly to insure that you complete the readings prior to class.
Reminder: If you are interested in particular optional articles, let me know which are of interest to you asap and I will do my best to either post them on the class Blackboard site or to place them on reserve via the library’s electronic reserve system.
WEEK 1- Orienting Tour: The Socio-cultural Study of Tourism
Outline of the course, the multidisciplinary nature of tourism, why tourism is important for social scientists to study, research resources, travel writing exercise.
Readings t.b.a.
WEEK 2: History & Rise of Tourism in Europe: Pilgrims, Educating Elites, Entertaining Masses
Read: -selected pages from the following:
-Orvar Lofgren (1999) On Holiday: A History of Vacationing Berkeley: Univ. of Calif Press. (Esp “The Medit. In the Age of the Package Tour”)
-Judith Champ’s The English Pilgrimage to Rome: A Dwelling for the Soul Bodmin: MPG Books.
-Morrell, Jemima (1998) "The Western Alps" in Miss Jemima's Swiss Journal: The First Conducted Tour of Switzerland (in 1863). NY: Routledge. Pp. 19-43 (SKIM).
Optional Reading:
-Twain, Mark (2003) "Chapter LVIII," "Chapter LXI," and "Conclusion" in The Innocents Abroad. NY: Random House. Pp. 465-76, 483-93 (1869 original).
WEEK 3 : Unpacking Tourism: Tourism, Travel, and Culture Theory
The tourist as subject: who is a tourist? Various tourist typologies (Smith’s, Urry’s, Cohen’s) & their limitations; Theories about why people travel; Tourism as a sacred quest: Are there parallels between pilgrimage and tourism?; Sightseeing as modern ritual; Making sites touristically sacred; the “tourist gaze”; a whirlwind history of travel & tourism
Read: -Gmelch,S. “Why Tourism Matters.” Ch 1 in Tourists and Tourism (16 pp)
-Graburn, N. “Secular Ritual: A General Theory of Tourism.” Ch 2 in Tourists and Tourism
-MacCannell, D. ”Sightseeing and Social Structure…” Ch 4 in Tourists and Tourism
Optional:
-John Urry, The Tourist Gaze, Ch. 1 & 2 in The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage. (on reserve at the Cudahy Library)
- Cohen, Erik “Tourism and Religion: A Comparative Perspective.” Pacific Tourism Review Vol 2 p. 1-10.
Possible in class video segment: Holi-days (2002, Tell-Tale Productions)
WEEK 4 : Encounters Between Locals and Guests: Studying Dynamics in Tourist Spaces
The touristic space as a “utopic space”; “Tourates”; Issues and debates concerning tourism and authenticity: Does the advent of tourism produce fake cultures?; “Staged authenticity”; Are tourists in pursuit of the authentic? Comparisons between anthropologists and tourists
Readings t.b.a.
WEEK 5: Tourism, Commerce, and Cultural Commoditization
Is tourism a “new kind of sugar”?; Multiplier-effect; Nash’s notion of tourism as a form of imperialism; Is tourism tantamount to cultural degradation? The role of brochures in commoditizing travel experiences and destination peoples; post-tourism, McDisneyization, identity merchandise; tourism and post-Fordism; post-tourist., dynamics in marketing tours to specific market segments; research methods in tourism sites.
-Ylanne-McEwen “Golden Times for Golden Agers: Selling Holidays as Lifestyle for the Over 50s” (2000, Summer) Journal of Communication 50(3):83-99.
-additional readings t.b.a.
WEEK 6: Tourist Sites / Sights: Theme Parks, Museums, Monuments and Battlefields
-Small Group Field Research Trips to Analyze dynamics at Local Tourist Sites in Rome.
-Although you will present your findings as a group in class next week, each student is to write a paper analyzing the site in terms of the themes and concepts discussed so far this semester. (see handout and instructions on Blackboard for specific details)
Read:
-Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara “Destination Museum” in Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage. 1998 Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Additional article t.b.a.
WEEK 7: Tourism, Power, Class and Social Inequality
Read:
-Munt, Ian “The Other Post-Modern Tourism: Class, Travel and the New Middle Classes.” Theory, Culture and Society 1994 11:101-123. (On electronic reserve)
-Do-Min Cheong & Miller, M. “Power Dynamics in Tourism: A Foucauldian Approach.” Ch 14 in Tourists and Tourism.
Week 8: Romance, Sex and Gender: EnGENDERing Destinations
Gender imagery and tourism; IS travel a gendering activity? Rome and Paris as cities of Romance, Sex tourism; Romance tourism; Is travel a gendering activity? Gendered landscapes,
Read:
-Annette Pritchard & Nigel Morgan “Constructing Tourism Landscapes: Gender, Sexuality and Space.” Article posted on Blackboard, under “course documents” (24 pp.)
-Marshment, Margaret “Gender Takes a Holiday: Representation in Holiday Brochures” in M. Thea Sinclair (ed) Gender, Work and Tourism London & New York: Routledge.
-Bowman, Glen, “Passion, Power and Politics in a Palestinian Tourist Market.”
-C. Ryan and C. Michael Hall , “Bodies on the Margin: Gay and Lesbian Tourism.” In Sex Tourism: Marginal People and Liminalities London: Routledge (2001).
Week 9 : Consuming Tourist Arts and Performances
How are indigenous arts transformed with the advent of tourism? Are tourist souvenirs simply meaningless trinkets, or are there messages embedded in these forms? How are the meanings of indigenous arts created and negotiated by local craftspeople, vendors and western buyers? How are tourist arts and tourist desires linked? How does the commodification of tourist crafts (like weaving) have ramifications for other dimensions of the society being visited (e.g. gender relations etc).
Read:
-Morgan & Pritchard “On Souvenirs & Metonymy: Narratives of Memory, Metaphor, & Materiality” Tourist Studies 2005 (5) 29:29-53.
-additional readings t.b.a.
Week 10: The Politics of Tourism: Tourism, Ethnicity and the State
How is tourism used by nations for nation-building and the forging of a proud citizenry? How does tourism transform regional relations within a state (relations between ethnic groups in the same nation etc)? Can tourism be a means of ethnic preservation? Tourism as political weapon / political reward; Does tourism prompt change in international relations?
Read:
-Selections from Stephanie Hom Carey "Destination Italy: Tourism, Colonialism, and the Modern Italian Nation-State, 1861-1947,"
-Additional readings t.b.a.
Week 11: Tourism and Nature: Ecotourism, Agrotourism and Sustainable Development
What is sustainable tourism? Does ecotourism protect the environment? Does the agrotourism model currently popular in Italy preserve farms and local ecologies? Eco-tourism or ego-tourism?; Butler’s “resort life cycle model”; Case studies of the results of ecotourism in various locales; Should eco-tourism be rethought?
Read:
- selection from Patullo, Polly “Green Crime, Green Redemption: The Environment and Ecotourism” in Last Resorts. (On electronic reserve accessible via Pegasus)
-additional readings t.b.a. (by Robert Wood etc.)
Week 12 New Directions in the Anthropology of Tourism (Culinary Tourism and Heritage, Tourism and Terrorism, etc).
Readings t.b.a.
Week 13: Concuding Thoughts: Where to from here?
Read:
-McLaren “Rethinking Tourism”, Ch 27 in Tourists and Tourism.
-Chambers, Erve “Can the Anthropology of Tourism Make us Better Travelers?” from Tourism and Applied Anthropologists: Linking Theory and Practice. NAPA Bulletin 23. 2005 (Available on Blackboard)
-Appendix C: Tourist Guidelines in Tourists and Tourism
-If time, look over the website for the organization Tourism Concern: http://www.tourismconcern.org.uk/index.html